Tuesday, November 3, 2026

Frankenstein Rex by Adam Roberts

Adam Roberts opens this book with the protagonist Gavrilo Princep (no, not really, it's with an English sportsman) who sets out to kill a king for ethnonationalist reasons, is very badly prepared, succeeds anyways, and sets off WW I. That is sort of a spoler for the book.

How badly prepared? In term of physicality, the protagonist is the ideal athlete for the work. In terms of what people call "operational security" -- I refuse to call it opsec in imitation of some military term -- he's really comically bad. He goes to the capital city, calls a confederate continents away and tells them that he's getting set up to kill the king: having someone overhear this call is the first bad step for him. He spends the rest of the book with a very bad case of talking to people, telling the cops before they arrest him that he's there to kill the king, telling someone later on that yes he's the person mentioned in the police reward, etc. Roberts writes pathos rather than heroics.

For this he, early in the book, gets a vivdly written torture/mutilation scene. A good writer should not really write a torture/mutilation scene. I can't recommend this book to someone who would be bothered by this.

But for people not bothered by this, this is still Roberts' most grimdark work -- not because of story after story of grim deeds, but for a general political hopelessness. The conceit of the book is that Frankenstein, because he is a nonhuman monster rather than in spite of this, has become king of the world. Roberts' Frankenstein (the monster, not the doctor) is even more monstrous and inhuman in his capabilities than Mary Shelley's: he is immune to bullets and can see the future. He rules the world with a sort of technocratic and amoral competence, forestalling rebellions with the aid of a Soviet-esque police service that does the aforementioned torturing, justifying his rule by economic planning and how otherwise people would be killing each other all the time. A backstory establishes that he started his rule by advising and winning military victories for Napolean during the invasion of Russia, using his foreknowledge to set up an aliance between France and Russia, and taking over once the merely human autocrats involved died of disease years later.

In this, sadly enough, he is all too human. The promotional copy for the book reads in part "It is a conventional position to consider the tyrant as a monster - to think of Hitler, or Mao, or Stalin as monstrous aberrations from the human norm. By making the monster the tyrant, Roberts invites us to think about how ordinary and how conventional such figures actually are." But -- other than a lack of sexuality and of general irrationality, the monster in this book is how any normal-human technocrat might be, if they happened upon physical immortality and an ability to see the future. The figures of human dictators still seem more monstrous. The Frankenstein in the book bounds in Romantic fashion through the snow and wilderness and observes sadly that the security services in order to be careful are still watching him from a nearby aircraft, there is no getting away from them. No really monstrous dictator who had phsyical immortality would stand for this.

The book is really a meditation on Hobbes, who wanted exactly this monstrous situation: an autocrat whose dictates had to be obeyed by everyone, because otherwise there would be civil war which was always worse. The figure of Leviathan stands in for the physical giantism of Frankenstein. This is all very well, but the book is missing that other characteristic figure identified with the death of kings when kings were still relevant: the anarchist. In the alternate history of the book, there was evidently no Marx or Marxist tradition, and the king is killed by an ethonationalist whose beliefs can't be taken seriously. Roberts signals this by putting in a speech about the ethnic ways of England and how now everywhere can be free, but in particular England with its particular places like Stonehenge, into the mouth of an Egyptian woman who apparently married into her ethnic connection. This happens all the time, but an actual free ethnonationalist England movement would immediately kick this woman out. The reader certainly can not believe that the torturing, murderous Frankenstein regime is good and also is not authorially set up to believe that the ethnonationalist partitioning that's going to take place later is good either. And it seems like if you're going to bring in modernist kings, you have to bring in the killers of kings: the comparison here is to Superman: Red Son, a graphic novel in which Superman lands in the agricultural heartland of the USSR rather than in Kansas, and which goes over a lot of the same ground. There Batman has to become an anarchist as a counterweight.

Why are there no anarchists in this? There are many references to the world lapsing into anarchy in the usual authoritarian sense, and there's a reference to Chesterton's The Man Who Was Thursday (the protagonist has his conspiratorial contacts labelled in his phone with the month of their birth.). I suspect that Roberts, as an author, doesn't really take anarchism seriously except as an interesting and opposite counterweight to the far right (as with his first book, Salt, where the anarchist character is well drawn but apparently hasn't heard that anarchists think that sexual assault is not good.) But without this, the book lacks an element of essential hopefulness. Here is some anarchist agitprop that I got from Crimethinc this very day:

whether you believe that this kind of thing is good or not, there is the rendition of "France - Albania - Nepal - Italy - Spain - India - Indonesia", the sense of an international connection.

So since there are no anarchists, the book needs some kind of alternate universe world socialism. As an element of fanfic, I suggest a vanguard state socialist sect calling itself the Decapitators, who wish to keep Frankenstein's world rule setup essentially the same but remove the autocrat at the top. As a physicist I don't think much of supposed physical immortality that wouldn't resist a big explosion or a large piece of construction equipment: it ought to be possible to immobilize Frankenstein and guillotine him, thus linking the movemnt back to the left of the French Revolution, whose ideals Napoleon betrayed in the very adventure that in the world of the book brought Frankenstein to power. This would also tie back to _Land of the Headless_ and the concept of acephalousness, featured in some of his earlier work.

With all of this, what's particularly good about the book? The book is particularly good when it mythologizes the alternate universe rule of Frankenstein as poetically connected to the death of Percy Bysshe Shelley by drowning. Roberts, as an English professor, is on sure ground here. Mary Shelley is briefly mentioned as having many miscarriages and losses of children: in this world, she never wrote _Frankenstein_ and the book is haunted by this further loss, leaving her pursumably only remembered as a minor author and as Shelley's wife. I wish that Roberts had settled on this as the mystical explanation for the alternate universe of the book rather than on an SF-flavored one and a Matrix-y hint at the end.

I feel that I have to some extent let down the side by writing a review of a new book and not recommending it highly: usually I only write about books years later when it doesn't matter. I do think that this book was interesting, as I generally do with Roberts' work, and if someone has been discouraged from reading this one I recommend his book _The This_ highly -- I think that will be seen as his major work of this period.

Friday, October 23, 2026

October is OLC (original lit crit) month

Some threads I wrote in the first half of October 2026 (too busy in the second half):

Oct 1: Super-Cannes by J.G. Ballard, authorial problems and "demiurgy"

Oct 3: Herman Melville's The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade. a reading is not simply a decoding

Oct 5: Dungeon Crawler Carl by Matt Dinniman, how does it work

Oct 7: Dungeon Crawler Carl by Matt Dinniman, politics (cosplaying anarchism, anti-colonialism)

Oct 9: Anarchaos by Curt Clark (Donald Westlake),, a "type" anti-anarchism pulp

Oct 11: Adam Roberts' Rave and Let Die: the SF & Fantasy of 2014, what kind of reviews are useful?

Oct 13: Martha Wells' The Murderbot Diaries, reader identification via neurodivergence

Oct 15: Osamu Dazai's No Longer Human. and a bit more on his appearance as author-as-protagonist.

Saturday, August 22, 2026

Mastodon threads

Why have I written on my blog less?  It's because I write on social media more.  I sometimes write threads that I bookmark because I think that I may turn them into blog posts but I rarely do.  Mostly I want to link to them instead of writing the same thing again on a future occasion. But Mastodon, while it has some good things about it, has a very bad search capability.  So here is a list of whatever I've thought I might want to look for again, categorized by subject.

There are about 120 of these from February 2024 - August 2026. I probably should stop writing about specifically US politics so much, but it's what other people tend to be conversing about.

Anarchism

Climate

Data librarianship

General politics

Literary criticism

Social media

TV

US plitics

Various

Friday, April 24, 2026

The Rock

(This was the lead poem in my chapbook "a model of the universe", published 2014). 

 

It started with rock
Large, grey-streaked
Monolithic by the river
They found it there
The tribe
Settling by water
Looked up at its lines
Carved -- by fire? by air?
Surely it meant something

Later, a city
Mud brick, straw on the roofs
And the traders from bark boats
Would stop there
Look at the rock
Go on

They invented writing
The runes on the rock
Forming their symbols
There, an ox, there
A sheaf of wheat
But when the first receipt
Had left the chisel of the first scribe
Everything changed
The rock was different
Was it the light?
The message was changed

It became their holy duty
The priests, mumbling
Incense-blessed
Would study the incised runes
The rock lit by sun, moon, fish-oil lamp
It was the name of God, they said
But their eyes grew dim

They made mathematics
Invented to decode the rock
The prayer wheels spun
Combining, subtracting
They made codes no one could break
They took the continent
Blessed be the Name, they said
But still unknown
Blank as the empty sky

As the centuries went
Lenses focused on the rock
Computers buzzed
Mystic visions rolled red-hot
And a special guard
All facing in
Watched it, unceasingly
In case it might change again
The cryptographers
-- Impossible, they said --
The cryptographers
-- Impossible, they said --
Any message would have fallen to them
Codes crack, shatter
There must be none

The first atomic blast
Flashed through an empty city
River vanishing in steam
They had left the bomb there
The runes marked on its case
An offering
Perhaps the rock would be left,
Some said, imperishable
Or the secret name be freed
Or the world vanish

The rock is there
The blast is there
We do not know the end



Sunday, April 5, 2026

In which I read my poems

April is Poetry Month in the US and on the 2nd I decided on the spur of the moment to link to or post one of my poems on Mastodon every day and write a bit about what they mean to me and why I wrote them.  I've always resisted introducing my poems but it does make them more readable.  Here are the threads:

1) Signals 

2) The Ones Who

3) some notes towards: four most overwritten subjects / inside and outside 

4) untitled 

 5) After Langston Hughes

6) Global warming activism / (the dream)

7) global warming activism II

8) Thomas the Terror Engine 

9) Landscape 

10) In a time of the plaque 

11) The Day of Spirit Guides

12) Oscar in Samsara 

13) Solar / Lunar 

14) Five Rings 

15) sun on the surface (a whole chapbook)

16) Scott Eric Kaufman 

17) The Russians Are Coming 

18) Curbside 

19) As you know, Katrina 

20) Snow Storm 

21) After the Clash 

22) The Rock 

23) Open to al forms of creative activity 

24) Milkweed No Monarchs 

25) Send Her Back 

26) Vahan Takeyan, Georgi Tenno 

27) The Powers of Weevils 

28) The Case For Letting the Getty Center Burn (a whole chapbook)

I didn't post on April 1 and also missed one day, so there are 28.

Sunday, January 11, 2026

Why the Niemöller "Poem" is bad

It's a "poem", everyone knows it, everyone is currently wallowing in it, it's bad. Why the scare quotes around "poem"?  Although it is referred to in English as "First they came", it was not written to be or really intended to be a poem. It's a speech that he gave many times and was gradually transformed by him and others into what it now is. The history of how people wanted to read it has everything to do with its final form.

I should write at the outset that although Niemöller was an early supporter of Hitler, and an antisemite, I firmly believe in a separation of artist from art. It's possible for a bad person to make good art or a good person to make bad art. Criticism of who he was is not why it's bad art.  There are so many reasons why it's bad that I'll have to put them into sections.

 Aesthetic reasons 

 It's bad because it uses simple repetition for a sentimental effect. 

 Repetition is not in and of itself bad in poetry. There are plenty of good poems that use it.  How is it used in this one? First they came for the X / And I did not speak out / Because I was not an X. For all of the variations of the English version of the poem (I'll get to the translation later) that is all the poem is for all of the verses but the last. You can see why people like it, it's very "accessible".  

When a strong pattern is established by repetition, it's the repetition-breaking moment that establishes the effect. What's the last verse, which breaks the pattern?  Then they came for me!  No one left -- to speak out for me!  The reader identification is strong, who has trouble identifying with a threat to -- me? (i.e. themselves).

I can't really bear to do a close reading of this, there is so little there. It wasn't intended as a poem and it barely functions as one. I will note that in what is referred to as the original German, the repetition is broken -- the first verse says "Nazis", and the others don't. This was taken out by whoever translated it for good aesthetic reasons -- to clean it up a little, making the repetition stronger, making the idea more general.

Textual variation

There's a well known part of criticism that goes through textual variations of works. For instance, Walt Whitman wrote different versions of various poems in _Leaves of Grass_, put them in different order etc. The textual variations abound here because it never was intended as a poem in the first place. 

But we can learn something from them. First, the order in the initial speech was probably: Communists, disabled people, Jews, occupied countries. The first of these to get edited out were disabled people. Just not something people in a eugenics-influenced society reading it in English wanted to consider. 

Then, of course, Communists out. Not very sympathetic especially for an American audience. Socialists and trade unionists in.

I should emphasize that I'm not sneaking biographical criticism back in this section, I have no idea how much of this was done by Niemöller modifying the poem himself to fit his audience and how much was other people. But it's actually changing the text of the poem, so it's important to the poem.

This is the worst kind of textual modification for this poem. Who will speak out for -- wait, that group got deleted.

Political reasons

Why is the poem bad politically? It is a political poem so this is a fair question to pose. 

It's because it is written with an implicit protagonist who is an important person and who expects to be heard. The implicit protagonist in the poem (really Niemöller, but critics try to separate the person-in-the-poem from the author) evidently thinks that *speaking out* will do something. They came for the X -- but I did not speak out. What if the protagonist had spoken out?

Well you can try it now, in the current context of Trump. Trump is bad, he should not deport people, he should not try to eliminate disabled people or trans people, he should not suggest ethnic cleansing (in no particular order). Do not do that!

Did anything happen?

For the Iraq War, people didn't just speak -- they turned out in millions and peacefully protested.

Did anything happen?

What really causes political change, and what constitutes political resistance? The poem implicitly suggests a model that only powerful people can do, and that is probably ineffective for them even if they did it. That is a bad political model.  It's a particularly bad model for anything like left or even centrist politics, which has to acknowledge that most people are not powerful and need to do more than speak out.

Moral reasons

Why is the poem morally bad? Again, it's a poem about morality so this seems like a fair area for criticism.

It's morally bad because it encourages reader identification that lets the reader see themselves as a basically good person who suffers from indifference and needs a reminder not to be indifferent *for their own good*. The morality in the poem is very pragmatic: who will be left to defend you?

In reality, the reader is probably not a good person. Societies don't go fascist with the majority of people remaining pure and good. Moral tracts that encourage people to see themselves as good are not themselves good.

This is really why Niemöller-as-Nazi keeps being discovered and undiscovered. It's not that he concealed his history from the people he started telling this to. They knew who he was. If anything, the poem is *stronger* in certain ways if you read it as from an early Nazi supporter.

But people don''t want to read the poem that way because that calls their own current goodness into question. They want to read it as: they are a good person, they have a choice of whether or not to speak out for people coming up, if they speak out they are good.

But they aren't if it's a Nazi sympathizer describing how he was a Nazi sympathizer. That puts the reader in as as a bad person and the speaking out part maybe only the beginning of clawing your way back.

Historical usage and reading

Why is the historical usage or reading of this poem bad? I'm going to get some overlap with sections above here, but I think it's worth looking at this as a separate question.

Poems accumulate preferred interpretations as part of the history of the poem. Robert Frost for instance wrote a poem for his friend who over-agonized about his personal decisions telling him those decisions didn't matter that much, and his friend took it the wrong way and decided to prove his bravery and got himself killed in a war.

This is a Cold War poem. It's all about the time when Germany had to consider its history, confront it and cry some tears, be welcomed as a bulwark of the West, and in general we had to congratulate ourselves as part of a bloc where we could speak out and that this freedom and the other freedoms guarded by a free people meant we should be on guard but basically this was never going to happen for us. So the historical usage or preferred reading was not to prepare against the return of fascism, it was more subtly one of reassurance. 

 How do you read the poem as a Jew, or as a Communist (oops -- socialist), or as a disabled person (wait they were deleted)?  In that case I guess you are supposed to be reassured that people are being told to speak out for you in an ineffective way in their own self interest. But the poem is not for you.

Biographical criticism

I've concluded that I have to do some biographical criticism after all, because it's crucial to understanding the poem.  Niemöller was not exactly a Nazi.  He was a WW I U-boat captain who became a religious leader. He supported the Nazis early but differed from them exactly when they started to attack Jews who had converted to Lutheranism and joined his church. He was put in a concentration camp for 8 years as a VIP prisoner and later parlayed his fame into world-wide tours as a pacifist and human rights campaigner. He was someone who could declare "Hitler betrayed me" and mean that Hitler had a personal conversation with him in which Hitler made a promise to him that he later broke.

The mystique of this constellation of biographical events is part of the enduring popularity of the poem. The theme of "first they come for the despised, but they never stop there" is reinforced and proved by this leader-y quality.

I don't like, as a person and a critic, this idea of the exaltation of the ex doer of bad deeds who repents. It's a Christian cliche, and personally I find it disagreeable.

The current Palestinian genocide is going to produce, decades later, many Israelis who speak movingly about the horrors they inflicted as if they didn't know at the time or were carried away. I preemptively wish that they would shut up and not try to become celebrities: they knew, and they were not carried away.

Conclusion

It's an aesthetically, politically, and morally bad poem that has been altered textually in bad ways, read in bad ways, and has been badly interpreted.

It's not good.